Tulio
69
Tm
Grupo
Neniu
Perio
6
Bloko
f
Protonoj
Elektronoj
Neŭtronoj
69
69
100
Ĝeneralaj Propraĵoj
Atoma Nombro
69
Atommaso
168,93421
Amasa Nombro
169
Kategorio
Lantanoidoj
Koloro
Arĝento
Radioaktiva
Ne
Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Kristala Strukturo
Simpla Sesangula
Historio
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.
High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s.
Elektronoj per ŝelo
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Elektrona Agordo
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China
Fizikaj Propraĵoj
Fazo
Solido
Denso
9,321 g/cm3
Fandpunkto
1818,15 K | 1545 °C | 2813 °F
Bolpunkto
2223,15 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F
Varmo de Fuzio
16,8 kJ/mol
Varmo de Vaporiĝo
250 kJ/mol
Specifa Varmo Kapacito
0,16 J/g·K
Krusta Abundo
0,000045%
Universa Abundo
1×10-8%
CAS Nombro
7440-30-4
PubChem Kunmetita Identiga Nombro
23961
Atomaj Propraĵoj
Atoma Radiuso
176 pm
Kovalenta Radiuso
190 pm
Elektronegativeco
1,25 (Pauling-skalo)
Potencialo de jonigo
6,1843 eV
Atoma Volumo
18,1 cm3/mol
Termika Kondukto
0,168 W/cm·K
Oksidaj Ŝtatoj
2, 3
Aplikoj
Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters.
Thulium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotopoj
Stabilaj Izotopoj
169TmMalstabilaj Isotopoj
145Tm, 146Tm, 147Tm, 148Tm, 149Tm, 150Tm, 151Tm, 152Tm, 153Tm, 154Tm, 155Tm, 156Tm, 157Tm, 158Tm, 159Tm, 160Tm, 161Tm, 162Tm, 163Tm, 164Tm, 165Tm, 166Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 170Tm, 171Tm, 172Tm, 173Tm, 174Tm, 175Tm, 176Tm, 177Tm, 178Tm, 179Tm