Germaniumo
32
Ge
Grupo
14
Perio
4
Bloko
p
Protonoj
Elektronoj
Neŭtronoj
32
32
41
Ĝeneralaj Propraĵoj
Atoma Nombro
32
Atommaso
72,63
Amasa Nombro
73
Kategorio
Metaloidoj
Koloro
Griza
Radioaktiva
Ne
From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Kristala Strukturo
Vizaĝo Centrita Kubo
Historio
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
Elektronoj per ŝelo
2, 8, 18, 4
Elektrona Agordo
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation
Fizikaj Propraĵoj
Fazo
Solido
Denso
5,323 g/cm3
Fandpunkto
1211,4 K | 938,25 °C | 1720,85 °F
Bolpunkto
3106,15 K | 2833 °C | 5131,4 °F
Varmo de Fuzio
31,8 kJ/mol
Varmo de Vaporiĝo
334 kJ/mol
Specifa Varmo Kapacito
0,32 J/g·K
Krusta Abundo
0,00014%
Universa Abundo
0,00002%
CAS Nombro
7440-56-4
PubChem Kunmetita Identiga Nombro
6326954
Atomaj Propraĵoj
Atoma Radiuso
122 pm
Kovalenta Radiuso
122 pm
Elektronegativeco
2,01 (Pauling-skalo)
Potencialo de jonigo
7,8994 eV
Atoma Volumo
13,6 cm3/mol
Termika Kondukto
0,599 W/cm·K
Oksidaj Ŝtatoj
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4
Aplikoj
The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is not known to be toxic
Izotopoj
Stabilaj Izotopoj
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74GeMalstabilaj Isotopoj
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 71Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge